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The Timurid dynasty, self-designated as Gurkani (), was the ruling dynasty of the Timurid Empire (1370–1507). It was a Sunni IslamMaria E. Subtelny, Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Persia, Vol. 7, (Brill, 2007), 201. dynasty or Barlās clan of Turco-Mongol originB.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006 Encyclopædia Britannica, " Timurid Dynasty", Online Academic Edition, 2007. (Quotation: "Turkic-Mongol" dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia. ... Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded, and the capital became the centre of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture.") Encyclopædia Britannica article: "Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids", Online Edition, 2007. descended from the warlord Timur (also known as Tamerlane). The word "Gurkani" derives from "Gurkan", a Persianized form of the Mongolian word "Kuragan" meaning "son-in-law". A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community, by Vernon Egger, p. 193 This was an honorific title used by the dynasty as the Timurids were in-laws of the line of Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, as Timur had married Saray Mulk Khanum, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan. Members of the Timurid dynasty signaled the Timurid Renaissance, and they were strongly influenced by Persian cultureMaria Subtelny, Timurids in Transition, p. 40: "Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Persian Mongol supporters became acculturate by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian culture, painting, architecture and music." p. 41: "The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who develoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture." and established two significant in history, the Timurid Empire (1370–1507) based in Persia and Central Asia, and the Mughal Empire (1526–1857) based in the Indian subcontinent.
Additionally, by adopting Islam, the Central Asian Turks and Mongols adopted Persian literary and high culture which had dominated Central Asia since the early days of Islamic influence. Persian literature was instrumental in the assimilation of the Timurid elite into Perso-Islamic courtly culture.
| Timur ruled over the Chagatai Khanate with Suurgatmish as nominal Khan followed by Sultan Mahmud Khan. He himself adopted the Muslim Arabic title of Amir. In essence the Khanate was finished and the Timurid Empire was firmly established. | ||
| Amir Timur Lang | Timur | 1370–1405 |
| Amir | Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir Mirza | 1405–1407 |
| Amir | Khalil Sultan | 1405–1409 |
| Amir | Shahrukh Mirza | 1405–1447 |
| Amir Ulugh Beg | Ulugh Beg | 1447–1449 |
| Division of Timurid Empire | ||
| Abdal-Latif Mirza Padarkush (Father Killer) 1449–1450 |
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| Abdullah Mirza 1450–1451 | Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza 1451–1457 | |||
| Mirza Shah Mahmud 1457 | ||||
| Ibrahim Sultan 1457–1459 | ||||
| Abu Sa'id Mirza (Although Abu Sa'id Mirza re-united most of the Timurid heartland in Central Asia with the help of Uzbekistan Chief, Abul-Khayr Khan (grandfather of Muhammad Shayabani Khan), he agreed to divide Iran with the Kara Koyunlu under Jahan Shah, but the Aq Qoyunlu under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id. After Abu Sa'id's death another era of fragmentation follows.) 1451–1469 | ||||
| ** Transoxiana is divided | Sultan Husayn Bayqara 1469 1st reign | |||
| Yadgar Muhammad Mirza 1470 (6 weeks) | ||||
| Sultan Husayn Bayqara 1470–1506 2nd reign | ||||
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| Uzbeks under Muhammad Shayabak Khan Conquer Herat | ||||
| Sultan Ahmad 1469–1494 | Umar Shaikh Mirza II 1469–1494 | Sultan Mahmud Mirza 1469–1495 | Ulugh Beg Mirza II 1469 – 1502 | |||||
| Sultan Baysonqor Mirza bin Mahmud Mirza 1495–1497 | Sultan Ali bin Mahmud Mirza 1495–1500 | Sultan Masud Mirza bin Mahmud Mirza 1495 – ? | Babur 1494–1497 | Khusroe Shah (Usurper) ? – 1504 | Mukim Beg Arghun (Usurper) ? – 1504 | |||
| Uzbeks under Muhammad Shayabak Khan 1500–1501 | Jahangir Mirza II (puppet of Sultan Ahmed Tambol) 1497 – 1503 | Babur 1504–1504 | ||||||
| Uzbeks under Muhammad Shayabak Khan 1503–1504 | Babur 1504–1511 | |||||||
| Babur (Never till his conquest of India were the dominions of Babur as extensive as at this period. Like his grandfather Abu Sa'id Mirza, he managed to re-unite the Timurid heartland in Central Asia with the help of Shah of Iran, Ismail I. His dominions stretched from the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains to the farthest limits of Ghazni and comprehended Kabul and Ghazni;Kunduz and Hisor; Samarkand and Bukhara; Farghana; Tashkent and Seiram) 1511–1512 | ||||||||
| Uzbeks under Ubaydullah Sultan re-conquer Transoxiana and Balkh 1512 | Babur 1512–1530 | |||||||
| Timurid Empire in Central Asia becomes extinct under the Khanate of Bukhara of the Uzbeks. However, Timurid dynasty moves on to conquer India under the leadership of Babur in 1526 C.E. and established the Mughal emperors. | ||||||||
| Was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother and was descendant of Timur through his father. Founded the Mughal Empire after his victories at the First Battle of Panipat and the Battle of Khanwa. |
| Reign interrupted by Sur Empire. Youth and inexperience at ascension led to his being regarded as a less effective ruler than a usurper, Sher Shah Suri. |
| Deposed Humayun and led the Sur Empire. |
| Second and last ruler of the Sur Empire, claims of sons Sikandar and Adil Shah were eliminated by Humayun's restoration. |
| Restored rule was more unified and effective than the initial reign of 1530–1540; left a unified empire for his son, Akbar. |
| He and Bairam Khan defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat and later won famous victories during the Siege of Chittorgarh and the Siege of Ranthambore; He greatly expanded the Empire and is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of the Mughal Empire as he set up the empire's various institutions; One of his most famous construction marvels was the Lahore Fort and Agra Fort. |
| Jahangir set the precedent for sons rebelling against their emperor fathers. Opened first relations with the British East India Company. |
| Under him, Mughal art and architecture reached their zenith; constructed the Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Jahangir mausoleum, and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore. Deposed by his son Aurangzeb. |
| He reinterpreted Sharia and presented the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri; he captured the diamond mines of the Sultanate of Golconda; he spent the major part of his last 27 years in the war with the Maratha rebels; at its zenith, his conquests expanded the empire to its greatest extent; the over-stretched empire was controlled by , and faced challenges after his death. He is known to have transcribed copies of the Qur'an using his styles of calligraphy. |
| First of the Mughal emperors to preside over an empire ravaged by uncontrollable revolts. After his reign, the empire went into steady decline due to the lack of leadership qualities among his immediate successors. |
| The son of Bahadur Shah I, he was an unpopular and incompetent titular figurehead; he attained the throne after his father's death by his victory in battle over his brother, who was killed. |
| His reign marked the ascendancy of the manipulative Syed Brothers, execution of the rebellious Banda. In 1717 he granted a Firman to the English East India Company granting them duty-free trading rights in Bengal. The Firman was repudiated by the notable Murshid Quli Khan the Mughal appointed ruler of Bengal. |
| Got rid of the Syed Brothers. Tried to counter the emergence of the but his empire disintegrated. Suffered the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in 1739. |
| He was murdered according to by the Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk and Maratha associate Sadashivrao Bhau. |
| Was ordained to the imperial throne as a result of the intricacies in Delhi with the help of Imad-ul-Mulk. He was later deposed by Maratha Sardars. Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813, p. 140 |
| He was proclaimed as Mughal Emperor by the Marathas. Later, he was again recognized as the Mughal Emperor by Ahmad Shah Durrani after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. 1764 saw the defeat of the combined forces of Mughal Emperor, Nawab of Oudh and Nawab of Bengal and Bihar at the hand of East India Company at the Battle of Buxar. Following this defeat, Shah Alam II left Delhi for Allahabad, ending hostilities with the Treaty of Allahabad (1765). Shah Alam II was reinstated to the throne of Delhi in 1772 by Mahadaji Shinde under the protection of the Marathas.N. G. Rathod, The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia, (Sarup & Sons, 1994), 8:[4] He was a de jure emperor. During his reign in 1793 British East India company abolished Nizamat (Mughal suzerainty) and took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal marking the beginning of British reign in parts of Eastern India officially. |
| He became a British pensioner after the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha war who was until then the protector of the Mughal throne. Under the East India company's protection, his imperial name was removed from official coinage after a brief dispute with the British East India Company. |
| The last Mughal emperor was deposed in 1858 by the British East India Company and exiled to Myanmar following the War of 1857 after the fall of Delhi to the company troops. His death marks the end of the Mughal dynasty but not of the family. |
[[Timurid Empire]] | Timurid Empire]] [[Timurid Empire of Herat | Timurid Empire]] [[Timurid Empire of Samarkand | Timurid Empire]] [[Timurid Empire of Transoxiana | Timurid Empire]] [[Timurid Empire of Hissar | Timurid Empire]] [[Timurid Empire of Khurasan | Timurid Empire]] [[Chaghatay Khanate | Chagatai Khanate]] [[Mughal Empire]] |
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